Class 12th Pol Science 9 Chapter Notes – Recent Developments in Indian Politics
Class 12 Pol Science Chapter 8 notes, summaries, and important questions. These handmade notes are designed to help students learn quickly and effectively. Our goal is to provide quality education in less time through clear and concise short notes.
| Book Name | Pol Science |
|---|---|
| Class | 12th |
| Textbook | NCERT |
| Chapter No | Nine |
| Book No. | 2nd Book |
| Medium | English |
| Pol Science All Chapter Notes | Click |
Introduction
After the assassination of Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi led the Congress to victory in the 1984 Lok Sabha elections. This chapter explains the major political changes that occurred in the late 1980s and 1990s. Students will understand how coalition politics, economic reforms, and regional aspirations reshaped India’s democracy. These class 12th pol science 9 chapter notes highlight the transition from one-party dominance to a multi-party system, which remains relevant in today’s political structure.
Major Changes in the Late 1980s
Congress lost the 1989 elections, winning only 197 seats compared to 415 in 1984.
The Mandal Commission issue gained importance.
The New Economic Policy started in 1991.
The Ayodhya dispute began to dominate national politics.
Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated in 1991, after which Narasimha Rao became Prime Minister.
Age of Alliance
The 1989 elections ended Congress’s dominance. Although it remained the largest party, it lacked a majority and sat in opposition. This started the era of coalition governments in India.
National Front Coalition Government
The National Front, formed by Janata Dal and regional parties, was supported by the BJP and Left Front. However, they didn’t join the government directly. The fall of Congress led to the rise of regional parties and multi-party politics.
Politics of Coalition
Between 1989 and 2004, nine coalition governments were formed.
1989: National Front Government
1996–97: United Front Government
1998–99: NDA Government
2004: UPA Government
BJP emerged as the single largest party in 1996. However, it lacked a majority, leading to the formation of the NDA alliance under Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Congress also became part of coalition politics with the UPA.
Political Rise of Other Backward Classes (OBCs)
A significant change in this period was the political rise of OBCs. Non-Congress parties gained support from backward classes. The Mandal Commission, formed in 1978, recommended 27% reservation for OBCs in education and jobs. In 1990, the government implemented this recommendation, leading to widespread protests and the Indira Sawhney Case, where the Supreme Court upheld the decision.
Emergence of Dalit and Bahujan Politics
The Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), founded by Kanshi Ram, gave political voice to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and minorities. The BSP became a strong force in Uttar Pradesh, representing marginalized groups and focusing on social justice and equality.
Communalism, Secularism, and Democracy
The BJP, formed in 1980, gradually adopted Hindutva ideology and gained political influence after the Shah Bano case (1986) and Ayodhya dispute. These events deepened communal tensions and shaped modern Indian politics.
Ayodhya Dispute and Its Consequences
The Babri Masjid dispute in Ayodhya led to nationwide tensions. In December 1992, the mosque was demolished, triggering communal riots. Most political parties condemned the act and called it against secular principles. This incident had a long-lasting impact on Indian politics and inter-community relations.
Gujarat Riots (2002)
In 2002, violence erupted in Gujarat after the Godhra train burning. Over 1,000 people, mostly Muslims, were killed. The National Human Rights Commission criticized the state government for failing to control the violence. This tragedy raised serious questions about governance and secularism.
Rise of a New Political Consensus
After 1989, Indian politics moved towards coalition and consensus. The 2004 elections marked the return of the Congress-led UPA, supported by the Left Front. The class 12th pol science 9 chapter notes show that regional parties became key partners in national politics.
Growing Political Consensus
Despite ideological differences, parties began agreeing on several issues:
Acceptance of New Economic Policies for growth.
Support for reservation and representation of backward classes.
Recognition of regional parties in national governance.
Focus on achievements over ideology, forming alliances based on power-sharing.
Conclusion
The Recent Developments in Indian Politics chapter explains how India transitioned into a coalition-driven democracy. Students can learn about the rise of regional parties, economic reforms, and social justice movements. These class 12th pol science 9 chapter notes help understand how political alliances, consensus, and diversity shaped modern Indian politics.
These revision notes for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 8 – Regional Aspirations are available for free in PDF format. To get them, simply send us an email mentioning the chapter you need along with your details, and we’ll provide the notes within 2 hours. If you want to stay updated with the latest educational news and resources, you can also join our WhatsApp community. These notes make it easy to revise the Regional Aspirations chapter before exams and score better marks. You can also explore other Class 12 Political Science notes for complete preparation.
| Chapter No. | Chapter Name | Book |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | The Cold War Era | Book -1 |
| 2 | The End of Bipolarity | Book -1 |
| 3 | US Hegemony in World Politics | Book -1 |
| 4 | Alternative Centres of Power | Book -1 |
| 5 | Contemporary South Asia | Book -1 |
| 6 | International Organizations | Book -1 |
| 7 | Security in the Contemporary World | Book -1 |
| 8 | Environment and Natural Resources | Book -1 |
| 9 | Globalisation | Book -1 |
| 1 | Challenges of Nation Building | Book -2 |
| 2 | Era of One-Party Dominance | Book -2 |
| 3 | Politics of Planned Development | Book -2 |
| 4 | India’s External Relations | Book -2 |
| 5 | Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System | Book -2 |
| 6 | The Crisis of Democratic Order | Book -2 |
| 7 | Rise of Popular Movements | Book -2 |
| 8 | Regional Aspirations | Book -2 |
| 9 | Recent Developments in Indian Politics | Book -2 |
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