Class 12th Pol Science Chapter 6 Notes – International Organization

Introduction

In this chapter, Class 12th Pol Science Chapter 6 Notes – International Organization, students will learn about global cooperation and the importance of institutions working for world peace, progress, and development. These organizations play a crucial role in maintaining harmony and solving international challenges such as global warming, poverty, and conflicts.

What is an International Organization?

Organizations that work for the welfare of the entire world are called international organizations. Their main goal is to promote cooperation among all nations.

Examples include:

• League of Nations

• United Nations Organization (UNO)

• World Trade Organization (WTO)

• World Bank

• International Monetary Fund (IMF)

• Amnesty International

• International Red Cross Society

• Human Rights Watch

Why Do We Need International Organizations?

Countries often face issues that require collective action. Therefore, international organizations help nations to work together effectively.

Reasons include:

1. Tackling global problems like diseases and climate change.

2. Resolving disputes peacefully between nations.

3. Promoting global peace and security.

4. Enhancing cooperation and development.

5. Supporting socio-economic growth worldwide.

6. Combating terrorism and humanitarian crises.

7. Providing aid during disasters and epidemics.

Note: “The United Nations was formed not to take humanity to heaven but to save it from hell.” – Dag Hammarskjöld, Second Secretary-General of the UN

Development of the United Nations

The United Nations Organization (UNO) was established on 24 October 1945 as the successor to the League of Nations. It started with 51 founding members, including Poland, and is headquartered in New York (USA).

• Official Languages: English and French

• India’s Membership: Joined on 30 October 1945

• Current Members: 193 (latest being South Sudan)

• Current Secretary-General: Antonio Guterres (Portugal)

The Secretary-General acts as the principal representative of the UN.

Branches and Agencies of the UNO

These agencies handle social and economic development across the globe:

• WHO: World Health Organization

• UNDP: United Nations Development Programme

• UNHRC: United Nations Human Rights Commission

• UNHCR: United Nations Refugee High Commission

• UNICEF: United Nations Children’s Fund

• UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

Organs of the United Nations

The UN has six main organs, each with a specific role:

1. General Assembly

2. Security Council

3. Trusteeship Council

4. International Court of Justice

5. Secretariat

6. Economic and Social Council

1. General Assembly

Headquarters: New York
Members: 193

Often called the “mini parliament of the world,” it allows each nation one vote. The Assembly discusses key issues such as peace, security, and membership.

2. Security Council

Headquarters: New York
Members: 15 (5 Permanent + 10 Non-permanent)

Permanent Members: USA, Russia, UK, France, and China.
The Security Council maintains international peace and security and is often referred to as the “policeman of the world.”

3. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)

Headquarters: New York
Members: 54 (Term: 3 years)

ECOSOC works through commissions like:

• Economic and Employment Commission

• Population and Transport Commission

• UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund)

4. Trusteeship Council

Headquarters: New York
Members: 12

Its role is to guide underdeveloped nations toward self-governance and ensure they are not exploited.

5. Secretariat

Headquarters: New York

The Secretariat handles the day-to-day operations of the UN. The Secretary-General, appointed for a 5-year term, leads this body.

6. International Court of Justice (ICJ)

Established: 3 April 1946, in The Hague
Judges: 15 (Term: 9 years)
Official Languages: English and French

Secretaries-General of the United Nations

1. Trygve Lie (Norway)

2. Dag Hammarskjöld (Sweden)

3. U Thant (Myanmar)

4. Kurt Waldheim (Austria)

5. Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (Peru)

6. Boutros Boutros-Ghali (Egypt)

7. Kofi Annan (Ghana)

8. Ban Ki-moon (South Korea)

9. António Guterres (Portugal)

Reforms in the United Nations After the Cold War

After the Cold War, reforms were needed to improve both the structure and processes of the UN.

Main Points of Reform:

1. Expanding the Security Council’s permanent and non-permanent members.

2. Strengthening UN’s role in peace, health, education, and environment.

3. Promoting democracy, human rights, and social justice.

In 1992, a UN General Assembly resolution highlighted three main issues:

• The Security Council no longer reflects current political realities.

• Western influence dominates decision-making.

• Representation in the Council is unequal.

In 1997, Secretary-General Kofi Annan began examining reforms to improve efficiency.

Suggested Criteria for Membership Expansion:

1. Strong economic and military power.

2. Major contribution to the UN budget.

3. Large population size.

4. Respect for democracy and human rights.

Steps to Make the UN More Relevant

1. Celebrating 60 years of UN existence in 2005.

2. Establishing a Peacebuilding Commission.

3. Creating a Human Rights Council.

4. Working toward Millennium Development Goals.

5. Setting up a Democracy Fund.

6. Condemning terrorism globally.

7. Ensuring the protection of citizens from tyranny.

Conclusion

The Class 12th Pol Science Chapter 6 Notes explain how international organizations like the UN ensure peace, cooperation, and global development. Understanding their structure and purpose helps students grasp the importance of unity among nations in solving worldwide challenges.

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