Class 12 Political Science Chapter 7 Notes – Security in the Contemporary World

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 7 Notes – Security in the Contemporary World

Introduction

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 7 Notes focus on Security in the Contemporary World. Security means protecting people from dangers so that they can live peacefully and freely. In this chapter, students learn about traditional and non-traditional concepts of security, balance of power, alliances, and India’s own security strategies.

Security Concepts in Class 12 Political Science Chapter 7

Security is divided into two main types — traditional and non-traditional concepts.

Traditional Concept of Security

Traditional security focuses on both external and internal threats that affect a nation’s safety.

External Threats

• Military attack

• Genocide

• Power balance

• Alliance

• Armament

Internal Threats

• Law and order issues

• Separatism

• Civil war

Non-Traditional Concept of Security

Non-traditional security in Class 12 Political Science Chapter 7 Notes focuses on the defense of humanity — protection from hunger, pandemics, and natural calamities.
It also deals with new global challenges such as terrorism, diseases, and the climate crisis.

Conventional Assumptions – External Security

Traditionally, external and military threats were considered most dangerous.
In case of war, every government has three main options:

1. Surrender – Accept the other country’s terms.

2. Expand destruction – Increase war impact to force withdrawal.

3. Self-protection – Defend the nation successfully.

This balance is called Aparodha or Balance of Power.

Balance of Power and Alliances

To protect national interests, countries form alliances — agreements to support each other during attacks.
Example: The United States supported Islamic extremists against the Soviet Union in the 1980s.

Security Challenges for Newly Independent Nations

Newly independent nations in Asia and Africa faced challenges like:

• Fear of military attacks

• Internal conflicts and instability

Internal Security and Traditional Protection Methods

Post–World War II, internal issues like civil wars, naxalism, and religious violence gained importance.
To promote peace, several treaties were signed:

• BWC (1972) – Biological Weapons Convention

• CWC (1992) – Chemical Weapons Convention

• ABM Treaty (1972) – Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

• SALT-II, START, NPT (1968) – Nuclear arms control

Non-Traditional Security and Global Challenges

This concept includes human and global security — protection from famine, epidemics, terrorism, and climate disasters like global warming or pandemics (AIDS, Bird Flu, etc.).

New Sources of Danger

• Terrorism – Political violence targeting civilians.

• Human Rights Violations – Freedom of speech, equality issues.

• Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) – e.g., Kashmiri Pandits.

• Epidemics – SARS, Mad Cow Disease, etc.

Collaborative Security

To tackle global issues, countries and organizations cooperate through groups like UN, World Bank, IMF, and Red Cross.
Leaders such as Nelson Mandela and Mother Teresa promoted peace and cooperative security.

India’s Security Strategy

India’s security policy has four main parts:

1. Strong military – For protection from Pakistan and China.

2. Support for international law – To safeguard national interests.

3. Internal stability – Handling militant activities in Nagaland, Punjab, and Kashmir.

4. Economic development – To reduce unemployment and poverty.

Important Terms

• Arms Control: Regulation of weapon production.

• Disarmament: Giving up weapons to prevent destruction.

• Confidence Building: Sharing military data for trust.

• Global Poverty: Low income and poor living standards.

• Migration: Movement of people for jobs or safety.

Conclusion

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 7 Notes highlight the importance of global cooperation for peace and development. International organizations like the UN play a key role in ensuring harmony and security across nations. Understanding these concepts helps students appreciate the need for unity in solving global challenges.

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